Reading Text Formats Improve Comprehension What if a simple change to text format could help students comprehend more? There is growing evidence that the best text style is different for each individual. Text features such as shape, size and spacing impact individuals differently. Readability Matters is proud to announce the publication of our…
The Rise of Customization We can customize our cars, our clothes, and even our food. But what about the things that have the potential to improve our performance? Our golf clubs and our running shoes are examples of things that can be customized to create these performance improvements. Just as eye doctors can make…
Better Reading Implementation Study Announced The University of Oregon, ReadWorks, LMU iDEAL Institute, and Readability Matters August 8, 2023 – Readability Matters, a nonprofit organization dedicated to improving readability for all, is partnering with literacy experts, funding research to improve educational outcomes through personalized reading solutions. Personalized reading formats are the next offering in…
We have the Technology We have all experienced it. We have used the pinch and zoom features on our Smartphones to change the text size and instantly improve our reading speed, accuracy, and comprehension. And, once we did, we experienced more comfort and enjoyment and greater engagement with the content. The technology exists today…
Try 3 Tests to Pick the Perfect Font for You See how Fonts Change the Way you Read and Write In a fun and interactive article, The Washington Post dives into the fascinating world of fonts and their impact on our reading experience. “What’s your type? Try these tests to pick the perfect font…
Students need the Features to Personalize their Text Formats Education is changing dramatically, requiring significantly more digital reading and learning. The shift to online learning, the increased availability of high-speed internet, and the rising demand for personalized learning are all contributing to record growth. In fact, the global EdTech market is expected to grow…
Adobe Computer Scientist Presents Digital Reading Rulers Research From computer scientist and engineer to published researcher, first-author Aleena Niklaus presented Digital Reading Rulers: Evaluating Inclusively Designed Rulers for Readers With Dyslexia and Without at the leading international conference on Human-Computer Interaction ACM CHI’23. Physical reading rulers have been used with books for years as…
Engineering Reading Themes for Diverse Audiences Prior research has shown that personalization of text formats can significantly improve reading performance, creating better results in speed, accuracy, and comprehension. As these benefits are better understood, digital reading application providers are working to offer readers custom control over text settings, but adjusting the settings can be…
Evaluating Inclusively Designed Rulers for Readers With Dyslexia and Without At the leading international conference on Human-Computer Interaction ACM CHI’23, first-author Aleena Niklaus presented Digital Reading Rulers: Evaluating Inclusively Designed Rulers for Readers With Dyslexia and Without. Physical reading rulers have been used with books for years as a readability aid. The research team…
New Google Study Evaluates the Impact of Adjusting Font Grade on Readability in Light and Dark Polarities We want to encourage people to read in ways that will help them to effectively engage with the digital environment. Palmén, et al. Readers read for different purposes, such as checking the time, enjoying a novel,…
University of Arizona Researchers Report on Readability for College Students A 3-year project investigates the impact of better reading formats for college students. Funded by a University of Arizona CUES grant, the research is intended to catalyze innovative teaching and learning. Personalized reading formats allow students to customize their reading experience by changing the…
Lightning Learning with Susanne Nobles, Chief Academic Officer, ReadWorks Is it important that a student can increase her reading speed and comprehension by 33% when simple changes are made to her reading text format? Dr. Susanne Nobles says yes. Susanne joined cognitive neuroscientist Dr. Shannon Sheppard (Chapman University) and Dr. Sofie Beier (Royal…
Passion for Readability Work Leads ML Engineer to Adobe Research Readability Matters sat down with Tianyuan (Tian) Cai to discuss how his multidisciplinary experience led him to his position as a research engineer with Adobe Research. Tian is a problem-solver who uses his technical expertise and innovative thinking to create solutions for society’s complex…
Congratulations, Associates! The Readability Consortium, a readability research consortium housed at the University of Central Florida, announced the addition of Associates. The full-member board selected these new members in recognition of their continuing work to advance the emerging readability research field. Research Associates provide subject matter expertise, population access and explore their vital areas…
Meet Readability Researchers and Learn the Latest at these Spring Conferences CHI 2023 April 23-28 | Hamburg, Germany | Hybrid https://chi2023.acm.org/ Readability Presentations and Papers: Digital Reading Rulers: Evaluating Inclusively Designed Rulers for Readers With Dyslexia and Without Aleena Gertrudes Niklaus, Tianyuan Chi, Shaun Wallace, Zoya Bylinskii More info THERIF: Themes for Readability…
Adobe’s Liquid Mode leverages AI to reformat PDFs for mobile devices Jump to Video You can better view and navigate mobile PDFs on the fly with Adobe Liquid Mode If you’ve ever read a PDF on your smartphone or tablet, chances are you’ve probably gotten frustrated by the amount of pinching and zooming you…
Prosody in Music and in the Readability Research Lab Prosody is an important concept in oral reading and also in music. Meet Jocelyn Dueck, who works in the intersection of the two. Dr. Dueck, a pianist and an Assistant Professor of Collaborative Arts at Carnegie Mellon University, is an expert in prosody, “the music…
March is National Reading Month In honor of Dr. Seuss’s birthday, March is designated as National Reading Month – a month to motivate Americans of all ages to read every day. Reading has many benefits, regardless of age. It is a critical component of education and also of professional development. Reading has immediate and…
Elevate to a Higher Level COABE 2023 National Conference Registration is now open for the National Conference for the Coalition on Adult Basic Education! The conference will take place in Atlanta from April 2-5. The conference sessions include a presentation on their readability research by Dr. Jen Vanek and Victoria Neff of the EdTech…
US Secretary of State, Antony Blinken Requires Readability Changes Personalization matters. One-format-fits-all should no longer be the defacto model of text presentation. Research supports the personalization of text format to improve reading speed, accuracy and comprehension for most of the population, not only as an accessibility solution. Readability Matters was excited to see the…
Research Highlight: Space for Readability: Effects on Reading Speed from Individuated Character and Word Spacing Vision Sciences Society Annual Meeting December 2022 The Vision Sciences Society has again highlighted readability work. A peer-reviewed abstract was presented at the VSS conference and published in the 2022 conference proceedings. The research studies the influence of character…
New Readability Research Paper Aims to Accelerate Best Practices and Methodologies Readability Research: An Interdisciplinary Approach published in Foundations and Trends in Human-Computer Interaction – December 12, 2022 Paper Introduction “From the moment we wake up to the moment we end our day, we use interfaces built out of the written word. Textual…
Adobe is Creating Better Readability Readability Matters is grateful for our long-standing partnership with Adobe. Since our first meeting in 2017, Adobe’s Entrepreneur in Residence, Rick Treitman, has worked diligently to make better reading a reality for readers of PDF documents. Rick quickly saw the potential of improving reading proficiency through personalized reading formats…
Thank you! This month as we celebrate Thanksgiving in the United States, we at Readability Matters want to express our gratitude for the many individuals that have joined the community working to bring better reading to the world. To our Readability colleagues spread around the world: Thank you! There is tremendous power in community.…
Continuing to Build on the Promise of Better Readability Readability Matters is grateful for the partnership of Sobrato Philanthropies. As long-time supporters of education, Sobrato continues to make investments in initiatives that improve learning outcomes for children. Recent readability research has shown that by using text formats better suited for the individual, most students…
Next-Generation Publishing – How to Get There Publishing experts and visionaries gathered in San Francisco to discuss strategies for moving the publishing industry to emergent technologies, workflows, and processes. The inaugural PageBreak conference drew an impressive lineup of publishers, researchers, lawyers, librarians, technologists, and nonprofits, all focused on improving the publishing processes and ultimately…
Better Reading can Deliver Confidence, Educational, Career and Life Opportunities The tech-for-good nonprofit Readability Matters is on a mission to improve reading outcomes. Recent research demonstrated that students achieved an average increase of 20% in the speed of accurate comprehension by using personalized reading formats. Adults can improve their reading speed by as much…
New Directions in Readability and Accessibility Adobe MAX, 2022 Every year Adobe holds a huge event in Los Angeles, simulcast to the world, called Adobe MAX, where it announces the latest big updates to its industry-leading software. This year’s conference included 6,000 attendees in Los Angeles and another several thousand attending virtually. And, once…
Tune Your Text: Tech to Support Readability of Digital Text Readability Matters’ Founder, Kathy Crowley, joined Dr. Jen Vanek of World Education and Dr. Zoya Bylinskii of Adobe to share the latest work on Readability in Adult Education at the ProLiteracy conference in San Antonio. The talk began with Jen summarizing the importance of…
Readability + Design Tools Tim Brown, Head of Typography, Adobe Tim Brown wants to start a conversation. He believes that there is no design software today that is completely relevant. Design has changed because of the power of the web and the old tools no longer work. The web can give readers the power…
Small Font Changes can Make Significant Differences in Successfully Reading Digital Text As more and more reading moves from print to digital surfaces, it is important to challenge typographic traditions established when most reading involved printed materials. There is little research about the impact of character width on letter recognition. Digital text is generally…
The Importance of Variable Fonts in Improving Readability In February 2022, Google joined The Readability Consortium (TRC), a collaborative research initiative with a mission to enhance digital readability for all. Dave Crossland and Dr. Hilary Palmén of Google Fonts joined TRC founding organizations, Adobe, Readability Matters, and the University of Central Florida. Google’s vast…
Readability at ProLiteracy October 3-5 San Antonio, Texas Since 2003 ProLiteracy has hosted a biennial conference on adult education. They look forward to again holding an in-person conference this fall. The 2022 ProLiteracy Conference on Adult Education in San Antonio, Texas, will be an opportunity to reinvigorate Adult Education efforts. The conference is a…
New Perspectives from Gen Z and Millennials Santa Clara University students work at the intersection of innovation and mission. The university strives to develop leaders of competence, conscience, and compassion. Through experiential learning projects, students have the opportunity to work in their communities to make a difference. Thanks to a long-standing alliance with Dr.…
Readability at PageBreak Conference October 27–28, 2022 What started as a conversation about publishing and conferences and innovation and community has evolved into the first-ever PageBreak Conference that will be held in San Francisco, CA, on October 27–28, 2022. Questions the conference will address include: What is “Publishing” in 2022? What does innovation look…
Digital Readability at the Adobe Education Summit In a quick Lightning Learning Keynote at the Adobe for Education Summit, Dr. Rochelle (Shelley) Rodrigo of the University of Arizona speaks to the importance of teaching students to personalize digital text formats. Dr. Rodrigo begins by discussing why it matters that the “mythical best font for…
The Readability Press a newsletter of The Readability Consortium curated by the nonprofit Readability Matters This month The Readability Consortium (TRC) launched a new publication, The Readability Press. This cross-disciplinary newsletter covers news across the broad readability community, made up of individuals from research, technology, education and nonprofit organizations. The TRC’s mission is to…
Pandemic Erased 2 Decades of Progress in Reading Released this week, national test results show the pandemic’s devastating impact on American school children. The results come from the first federal assessment of how student learning was affected by interruptions in education. The discouraging results show that two decades of gains were lost. Importantly, losses…
Accommodating Individual Differences At the 2022 Adobe Education Summit this summer, readability was back on the agenda. Adobe readability experts shared the latest product innovations and research in their work to create better reading experiences. Presenting to educators from around the world, the presenters discuss to potential to create opportunities for deeper learning for students…
Readability Optimization for Older Adults Congratulations to Shalah Dean Thomas, recipient of the 2022 Richard Tucker Gerontology Grant from The Learning Institute for Elders (LIFE) at the University of Central Florida. Shalah’s research will investigate readability optimization for older adults to increase the usability of documents and improve reading performance. She will evaluate two…
New Directions in Readability and Accessibility Readability is back on the agenda at Adobe MAX this fall. In last year’s popular and well-attended sessions (One Font Doesn’t Fit All: Type Design and Comprehension and Creating Value with Personalized Readability Formats) the presenters shared research results demonstrating improvements in reading speed and comprehension using personalized reading…
These No-cost Reading Tools Help Students Create Better Reading Experiences As students head back to the classroom, there’s an opportunity to take advantage of free and easy-to-use tools that can improve reading outcomes. #TuneYourText Readability research over the past several years continues to demonstrate that making small changes to digital text formats can improve…
Readability Experts Discuss their Collaborative Strategies to Create Better Readability for All Adobe’s Tacy Trowbridge recently sat down with readability experts Zoya Bylinskii and Ben Sawyer for a lively and engaging conversation about the future of better reading. Tacy leads Adobe’s Global Education Thought Leadership and Advocacy programs and hosts The Creative Educator podcast.…
University of Arizona 2022 CUES Distinguished Fellow Dr. Shelley Rodrigo Congratulations to Dr. Shelley Rodrigo, a 2022 Center for University Education Scholarship (CUES) Distinguished Fellow. CUES advances faculty scholarship and innovation in university education. Awardees receive the title CUES Distinguished Fellow and a 3-year grant for their research. The fellowship is for Shelley’s project,…
Better Reading, Better Learning, Better Outcomes A SXSW EDU Panel Help get our Better Reading panel to SXSW EDU 2023! Our experts from Adobe, CAST, the University of Central Florida, and Readability Matters will share the latest research and implementation plans for using personalized text formats to improve educational outcomes. The panel will also…
Personalized Reading Formats Studied in K-8 Students Updated: August 30, 2022 Cross-disciplinary research teams delivered posters summarizing their readability research at the Society for the Scientific Study of Reading (SSSR) annual meeting. The prestigious reading conference reports on all aspects of reading and its related areas, including issues related to word recognition, comprehension, writing,…
Learn More about Cross-Organizational Efforts to Implement Personalized Reading Visit the new community Readability Wiki for a snapshot of the work being done across the ecosystem of partners working to implement personalized reading, empowering everyone everywhere to achieve more. Links to the latest research and white papers, implementations, news, videos and podcasts are among the…
Vision Scientists, Data Scientists, and Typographers Collaborate on New Readability Solutions At the proceedings of DIS’22, the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Designing Interactive Systems (DIS), Tianyuan Cai and his colleagues presented their latest research, Personalized Font Recommendations: Combining ML and Typographic Guidelines to Optimize Readability. The study is a collaboration between vision scientists, data…
Adobe Education Summit | July 26-28 2022 Free and Online, Three Days of Connecting and Learning Register today for the 2022 global Adobe Education Summit. Adobe has assembled an impressive line-up of experts, including educators, technologists, researchers, and more. They will discuss how to build skills for digital literacy and empower student learning experiences…
Making the Web More Beautiful, Fast, and Open with Typography Google launched Google Fonts in 2010–making fonts free and available to everyone–to benefit the general good of the web. Today, as of this blog writing, Google Fonts is a library of 1,432 open-source font families, including 253 variable font families and APIs for convenient use…
Student Readability Research Studies will be Presented at Leading Scientific Reading Conference Technology provides an opportunity for personalized learning, which moves from a one-format-fits-all approach to one tailored for the student. Educational content can be formatted for each student in their best reading format, enhancing the student’s ability to learn. Better reading experiences create…
Preliminary Insights on Readability Research for Adult Literacy Many adults in the US without a high school degree only have access to the Internet through a smartphone. Hence, to increase equity and access, Dr. Jen Vanek and the team at the EdTech Center at World Education are evaluating personalized readability to improve reading outcomes…
Nielsen Norman Group Reports on TOCHI Readability Study Jakob Nielsen renowned web design and usability guru of the Nielson Norman Group (NN/g) recently reviewed the research published in ACM’s Transactions on Computer Human Interaction (TOCHI) in his recent report, “Best Font for Online Reading: No Single Answer.” Shaun Wallace (Brown University Ph.D. candidate) and…
Adobe’s 2021 CSR Report Highlights How Technology can be Leveraged for Good Adobe’s Readability Initiative Featured The FY21 Adobe Corporate Social Responsibility Report contains incredible stories of impact and inspiring examples of how technology can be leveraged for good. Adobe’s Readability initiative is a featured Adobe Changemaker. Readability Matters is proud to partner with…
Readability Matters Honored with EdTech Leadership Award The EdTech Awards 2022 have been announced to a worldwide audience of educators, technologists, students, parents, and policymakers interested in building a better future for learners and leaders in the education and workforce sectors. Readability Matters has been announced as a finalist in the Visionary category for…
Video Released: Adobe for Education Summit, July 2021 New research in digital reading: How personalized formatting makes everyone a better reader Learn more about the latest readability research. Small changes to text formats can maximize an individual’s ability to read quickly and accurately, and comprehend more. Digital reading allows the shift from what is…
Readability Experts Share Insights (Links to overview, 3 tracks and 9 lightning talk videos below) At the 2022 Skoll World Forum, 25 interdisciplinary readability experts came together to produce over 4 hours of lightning talks and discussions on readability. Hosted by Readability Matters, experts from nonprofits, tech, academia and education presented the latest research…
Designing Better Reading Interfaces is Good for Business Michael Hernandez Businesses succeed based on efficiency and speed and continually look for ways to trim costs to enhance profits. That can be a tricky thing to do during the pandemic, especially with the instability and rising costs of the labor market. And when companies are…
Skoll World Forum April 6-8, 2022 The Readability Session Schedule The Skoll Foundation’s annual Skoll World Forum is designed to accelerate innovative solutions to the world’s most pressing problems. Skoll cultivates a global network of people and organizations working toward transformative social change. Join the Skoll World Forum on April 6-8! Join Readability Matters and…
Individuated Reading Experiences Increase Reading Speed without Affecting Comprehension Readability Matters obtained a pre-print of a forthcoming ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) paper. Shaun Wallace and his colleagues report that participants’ reading speeds (measured in words per minute – WPM) increased by 35% when comparing their fastest and slowest fonts without affecting reading…
Skoll World Forum April 6-8, 2022 Since 2004, Skoll Foundation has gathered thousands of delegates from more than 100 countries for their annual Skoll World Forum. The event is designed to accelerate innovative solutions to the world’s most pressing problems. The Skoll Foundation cultivates a global network of people and organizations working toward transformative…
SXSW EDU 2022 Better Readability Session Personalized Reading Formats Make Better Readers A cross-organizational collective shared the stage at SXSW EDU 2022 in Austin to discuss the importance of personalized digital reading formats in Education. ReadWorks, Adobe, the University of Arizona, and Readability Matters presented insights from a new body of readability research intended…
Adobe Introduces Pilot Programs and Research from Education In a new blog post from Adobe, Tiffany Lee describes the use of the new Liquid Mode functionality by educators. These early adopters are improving student reading experiences by using Liquid Mode to improve readability.Stories from adult learning and university settings are included. The EdTech Center…
Accessible Literacy: How Access to Texts is a Matter of Equity for All Learners Michael Hernandez The pandemic and the remote learning that followed highlighted what educators have known for a long time: that learning is a highly individualized endeavor, and everyone learns in different ways and at different speeds. At a time when…
Better Readability = Better Reading ↑Speed, ↑Accuracy, ↑Comprehension We’ve all done it… We change the text size on our phones with a quick hand movement. Instantly, we read more quickly and more accurately. We are familiar with the change to reading performance with simple changes to text size. But, we may not know that…
Personalized Reading Formats Make Better Readers Readability Matters will be back at SXSW EDU. Join us in Austin as we share the stage with ReadWorks, Adobe, and the University of Arizona to present insights from a new body of readability research that can inform the design of better learning applications. Participants can attend SXSW…
Adobe Inspires the New Field of Readability Research A recent Adobe Research blog post explained how Dr. Zoya Bylinskii, Research Scientist, began her quest to learn how personalized text formats can help everyone read better. Through her leadership, Adobe Research created partnerships with academic institutions, championed a global interdisciplinary research community, and inspired a…
UserTesting Showcases The Readability Consortium UserTesting produced a customer story and video showcasing The Readability Consortium and the exciting research designed to enhance digital readability. The founding group of Adobe, Google, University of Central Florida and Readability Matters launched with a mission of conducting research and engineering to empower designers and readers to better navigate…
Readability Consortium Launches to Inform Next-Generation Reading Solutions The Readability Consortium will explore ways to enable better reading and shift reading outcomes by personalizing text format for the individual. Fort Collins, Feb. 15, 2022 – It is widely accepted that reading is one of the most efficient ways to acquire information, with an estimated…
Literacy and Student Engagement: Removing Barriers To Bring Joy Back To Learning Michael Hernandez As a student, I hated reading. I was–and still am–slow at it, and every story, textbook and essay I had to read was a struggle that took much longer than it did for my peers. Even though I was curious…
Personalization is the Foundation We celebrate the engineers, researchers, scientists, educators who are all partnering to build better reading today. In 2021, researchers again demonstrated the importance of personalized reading formats; a cognitive scientist collaborating with a typographer and an educator used new methods to observe improvements in reading comprehension driven by small changes…
The Value of Typography and Text Personalization Readability Experts from Adobe, Google, and Typography for Good Now Available on Demand Creating Value with Personalized Readability Formats Rick Treitman, Entrepreneur-in-Residence, Adobe Dave Crossland, Lead UX Programmes and Operations, Google Fonts Sam Berlow, The Readability Consortium One year ago, Adobe announced the readability initiative, which included…
Type Customization Impacts Student Comprehension Readability Researchers from Adobe, Chapman University, and the Royal Danish Academy Now Available on Demand One Font Doesn’t Fit All: Type Design and Comprehension Zoya Bylinskii, Ph D. Research Scientist, Adobe Dr. Shannon Sheppard, Assistant Professor of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Chapman University Dr. Sofie Beier, Professor WSR, Head of…
The Science of Typography Readability Matters had the pleasure of talking to the internationally renowned typography researcher, Dr. Sofie Beier. Sofie has authored several books and numerous scholarly articles on typography and legibility. She is professor WSR at the School of Design under The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, where she is head…
Personalized Reading Formats Make Better Readers Readability Matters will be back at SXSW EDU. Join us in Austin as we share the stage with ReadWorks, Adobe, and the University of Arizona to present insights from a new body of readability research that can inform the design of better learning applications. SXSW EDU announced the…
Research Highlight: Readability Promises to Improve Medical Outcomes This summer Rachel Ball, Dave Miller, Shaun Wallace and their team submitted their medical readability study in the Proceedings of the 2021 International Symposium on Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care. The promising results point to a future where personalized reading formats could improve reading…
Empowering Students with Executive Functioning and Readability Skills Readability Matters sat down with Katie Arpin, an educator with 11 years of classroom experience. She specializes in literacy, has curriculum development experience, and holds master’s degrees from the Teacher’s College of Columbia University and Sacred Heart University. She told us she started teaching to empower…
Register Now For Adobe MAX 2021 Adobe has opened registration Adobe MAX 2021. It will be held October 26–28, 2021. And once again, it’s virtual and totally free. There will be over 100 live and on-demand sessions and collaborative projects and challenges for attendees to take part in. Confirmed speakers include Writer and Director…
Personalized Reading Formats Make Better Readers A Readability SXSW EDU Panel Help us get to Austin for SXSW EDU 2022! We would love to share the latest research and plans for using Personalized Reading Formats to improve educational outcomes. Vote for this important discussion on creating more equitable learning environments by August 26th. Description…
More Readable Text Formats, Reading Personalized for the Individual Very subtle changes in text format can create meaningful changes in comprehension for readers (Dr. Susanne Nobles of ReadWorks at the Adobe for Education Summit). A novel 2021 reading study evaluated 250 K-8th grade students using text formats featuring varied character spacing and/or width. Great…
Readability Formats Yield Significant Results for K-8 Students Early Results Are In! At the Adobe for Education conference, educator Dr. Susanne Nobles (ReadWorks) presented initial results from the K-8 Readability research study launched last fall. Susanne, together with cognitive scientist Dr. Shannon Sheppard (Chapman University), type designer, professor WSR and researcher Dr.…
“Readability Research: An Interdisciplinary Approach” is now available on arXiv! “Readability Research: An Interdisciplinary Approach” is now available on arXiv, an archival preprint service. Twenty-eight different authors — from around the world and across many disciplines — collaborated to author a 60+ page intro to Readability research toward the goal of accelerating best practices…
Extensive Reading Demands Managed through Personalized Text Formats Improvement In Math and History Classes Claire had always been a very hard worker and a strong achiever. As a child, she was an enthusiastic reader and regularly read for pleasure. But when she encountered the extensive reading demands of an Advanced Placement history class in…
Personalized Reading is the Future While the Jetsons foretold large screens, electronic reading, and virtual meetings, they completely missed the promise of personalized text formats for better reading experiences. In a recent discussion with the California Department of Education, Barbara Murchison, Director Educator Excellence of Equity Division didn’t miss the importance of better…
New Readability Research Panel at the Adobe for Education Summit Virtual and Free in 2021! Join the Wednesday session to learn more about the latest readability research. Small changes to text formats can maximize an individual’s ability to read quickly and accurately, and comprehend more. Digital reading allows the shift from what is best…
Personalizing Reading: One Size Doesn’t Fit All In America, only one-third of students read proficiently, and 54% of adults read below the sixth-grade level. Research shows individual reading perception is a key barrier: One text format does not fit all, especially when working across digital devices. At the 2021 SXSW EDU conference, Adobe’s Entrepreneur-in-Residence,…
Please consider designating Readability Matters for Amazon’s donations AmazonSmile (https://smile.amazon.com) offers the same items, prices, and benefits as Amazon.com, with one important difference. When you shop on AmazonSmile, Amazon’s Foundation contributes 0.5% of the price of eligible purchases to the charity of your choice. It’s a small amount — just 0.5% donated for every…
From the ProLiteracy Blog A recent blog on the ProLiteracy website highlights the topic of readability and an upcoming session at the ProLiteracy Conference in September. ProLiteracy’s Laura McLaughlin notes that, “Literacy instructors know how important fluency is to a student’s overall ability to read and comprehend text. By gaining fluency, a new reader…
Students Correct Their 3rd-Grade Teacher Personalized Reading Formats Can Help! Readability Matters heard from a 3rd-grade teacher this week. She was recently reading to her class; students interrupted her to point out that she had mistakenly read “picture” rather than “partner.” As this teacher explains, the basic shape of these two words is very…
Reading with Personalized Reading Formats Improves Fluency What if you could improve a student’s reading proficiency by making small adjustments to text format? For Henry, that is exactly what happened. Educators apply mathematically based assessments to determine reading proficiency. In simple terms, the reading fluency measure is based on counting the words read in…
Fluency Growth Stalled The Center for Policy Analysis for California Education at the Stanford Graduate School of Education evaluated changes in Oral Reading Fluency (ORF) for students in early elementary school. Their goal was to understand changes that may have occurred as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The report states that reading skills…
Readability at ProLiteracy Join us in San Antonio! The 2021 ProLiteracy Conference, September 20–22, 2021 Join adult literacy practitioners, teachers, tutors, managers, directors, board members, and students to learn new ideas and lead change in the adult literacy field. The ProLiteracy Conference on Adult Education features over 100 presentations and workshops that explore how…
Tech Update New in Microsoft Teams: Reading Progress Citing a recent study from Stanford illustrating the flattened growth of Oral Reading Fluency during the pandemic, Microsoft announced the launch of Reading Progress, a resource to help build opportunities for students and educators to get back on track with reading development. “Reading Progress in Teams supports…
A Discussion on Reading, Resources for Educators and Readability Research Readability Matters got the chance to sit down with Dr. Susanne Nobles, the Chief Academic Officer of the education-focused nonprofit, ReadWorks. We learned more about ReadWorks and the work Dr. Nobles does to advance research-informed readability solutions. Thank you so much, Susanne, for…
Skim, Dive, Surface: Teaching Digital Reading Dr. Cohn’s book, Skim, Dive, Surface: Teaching Digital Reading was recently released, addressing digital reading and the spectrum of affordances available within digital learning environments. In her discussion of how to read deeply in digital spaces, she calls for readers to embrace a range of reading practices available to…
Digital Reading Expert, Dr. Jenae Cohn Distance Teaching and Learning Conference Dr. Jenae Cohn will present at the Distance Teaching and Learning Conference this summer, discussing digital reading and the strategies that can improve the experience. The international Distance Teaching & Learning (DT&L) conference from the University of Wisconsin-Madison is fully online August 2-5,…
World Changing Ideas – From an Automated Beehive to Readability For All Every year, Fast Company’s World Changing Ideas Awards honor the businesses and organizations driving change in the world. Showcasing some of the world’s most inventive entrepreneurs and companies tackling exigent global challenges, the awards were announced today, recognizing the businesses, policies, projects,…
Fast Company Recognizes Readability Matters 2021 WORLD CHANGING IDEAS AWARDS Los Angeles, May 4, 2021 — The Fast Company’s 2021 World Changing Ideas Awards were announced today, honoring the businesses, policies, projects, and concepts that are actively engaged and deeply committed to pursuing innovation for the good of society and the planet. Once again,…
Readability for All: Fostering Adult Literacy Through Personalization Highlighting the improved reading impacts delivered by readability changes, readability research results, and new tools, a team from Adobe and World Education presented at the Florida Literacy Conference. Rick Treitman, Entrepreneur in Residence, Adobe, kicked off the session with a review of the state of reading…
A Publication of the Readability Ecosystem Working to Deliver the Next Generation of Personalized Reading Interfaces Medium is an open online platform where readers find dynamic thinking and where expert and undiscovered voices can share their writing on any topic. The new Readability Tech Channel on Medium is a forum for sharing the latest work…
Readability Matters Releases New Video #BeTheBestReaderYouCanBe Readability Matters’ founders Marjorie Jordan and Kathy Crowley come together to share their passion for shifting reading outcomes for adults and children. Partners Rick Treitman of Adobe, Dr. Susanne Nobles of ReadWorks, and Dr. Jenae Cohn of Cal State – Sacramento are featured. Join the ecosystem of partners…
The World Needs The Next Gutenberg Press Personalized Reading Formats Will Improve Reading Outcomes for Everyone, Everywhere Readability Matters celebrates Dr. Clayton Christensen’s influential business ideas and his thought leadership in improving the world through disruptive innovation. Readability Matters posits that personalized reading formats are the next disruptive innovation in reading technology. The next generation…
CSR Initiative Aims for Better Reading for All Adobe is working with educators, nonprofits, and technologists to help people of all ages and abilities read better by personalizing the reading experience on digital devices. With a story about his grandchildren, prescription eyeglasses, and readability, Adobe Entrepreneur in Residence, Rick Treitman launched the Adobe Readability…
The Launch of a Readability Research Community Bringing Together Experts From Vision Science, Cognitive Science, Human Factors, Education, Typography, and more Dr. Zoya Bylinskii, Research Scientist at Adobe, began exploring readability in 2019 with her Adobe collaborator Rick Treitman, together with an intern – PhD candidate Shaun Wallace of Brown University. Coming to the…
Adobe shares the Liquid Mode Development Story and Results of Readability and Reading Ruler Studies An Adobe team consisting of Robert Haverty – Senior Product Manager, Document Cloud Accessibility, Matthew Hardy – Senior Engineering Manager, Document Cloud, Jamila Keba – Frontend Developer for Acrobat’s Liquid Mode, and Rick Treitman – Entrepreneur in Residence, presented…
Readability Matters Partners with the EdTech Center @ WorldEd to Present a Change Agent Article the Readability Sandbox Readability Matters is pleased to feature a fun article from The Change Agent, a magazine published for adult learners and their educators in our Readability Sandbox. Our partners at the EdTech Center @ World Education are…
New Readability Session Coalition on Basic Adult Education (COABE) Join Readability Matters at the national conference of the Coalition on Basic Adult Education (COABE) at 2:00 CDT, on March 22, 2021. The EdTech Center at World Education, Adobe, and Readability Matters will be discussing the opportunity to Tune Your Text for better digital reading.…
Join Readability Matters at SXSW EDU! Readability Matters Founders Kathy Crowley and Marjorie Jordan are excited to announce our South by Southwest EDU Readability talk with Rick Treitman, Entrepreneur in Residence at Adobe. We will discuss improving readability and cutting-edge solutions that enable readers to customize text format and optimize the reading experience for…
Get More Done: Improve Reading Speed, Accuracy, and Comprehension Increasingly, reading is done on digital devices. Technology provides an opportunity to move from a one-size-fits-all model to one personalized for each reader. Small changes to text format can improve readability and maximize the reader’s ability to comprehend quickly and accurately. Readability Does Matter. Readers of…
ReadWorks Helps Mitigate the Impact of the COVID-19 Crisis Our partner ReadWorks provides 1.2 million K-12 teachers and 17 million students with content, curricular supports, and digital tools designed to improve teacher instruction and student achievement in reading comprehension—all free of charge. Today, they announced their commitment “to equity in access for all students,…
A Discussion About Eye Tracking and the Potential to Advance Readability Research Readability Matters recently Zoomed with Alexandra Papoutsaki, an Assistant Professor in the Department of Computer Science at Pomona College. We learned more about Alexandra’s research, her development of webcam-based eye tracking, and how it can advance readability research. Tell us more about…
Can webcam eye tracking facilitate readability research? At the Twenty-Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI 2016, Alexandra Papoutsaki, Patsorn Sangkloy, James Laskey, Nediyana Daskalova, Jeff Huang, and James Hays introduced “WebGazer: Scalable Webcam Eye Tracking Using User Interactions.” The paper detailed their research and development of WebGazer, a new approach to browser-based…
What does Spaghetti Sauce have to do with Readability? On National Spaghetti Day (Jan 4), we remember best-selling author Malcolm Gladwell’s TED talk, “Choice, Happiness, and Spaghetti Sauce.” Malcolm covers the food industry’s pursuit of the perfect spaghetti sauce—and makes a larger argument about the nature of choice. Gladwell explains that Howard Moskowitz “has…
Showcasing Projects with Great Promise for Future Sustainability and Impact Today President and Founder Marc Pollick released a tour of the highlights of The Giving Back Fund’s work in 2020. The Giving Back Fund is a national non-profit organization with a global reach that facilitates philanthropic giving by providing consulting, management, and administrative services…
Santa Clara University EMBA Students Collaborate with the Tech-For-Good Nonprofit Readability Matters Since 1851, Santa Clara University (SCU) has been home to generations of students committed to innovating with a mission. This year is no different as Executive MBA students from the Leavey School of Business at Santa Clara University (SCU) collaborated with the…
Creating a Go-to-Market Approach for Social Innovation Marjorie Jordan, Founder of Readability Matters, presented to the Go to Market class in the Executive MBA program at the University of Denver (DU). She shared experiences from her career at Hewlett Packard Company and explained how her work in high tech was foundational in the formation of…
Readability for All: Improving Literacy & Engagement through Enhanced Readability Webinar for Adult Education Professionals The EdTech Center at World Education invited Adobe and Readability Matters to deliver a webinar on improving readability for their audience of adult education professionals. Hosts Jen Vanek and Victoria Neff of the EdTEch Center brought together more than…
More Detail on the 2018 Tech Proof of Concept Test with Adobe In his Adobe MAX 2020 readability presentation, Document Cloud Entrepreneur in Residence, Rick Treitman shared further information about a 2018 Proof of Concept test. As reported, Readability Matters Founders approached Adobe to share Readability insights. Moving from a one-format-fits-all paradigm to one…
A New Personalized Reading Paradigm Better Readability for All Readers Young and Old, Strong and Struggling Readability was on the agenda at software giant Adobe’s annual MAX conference this year. CEO Shantanu Narayen kicked off the conference by announcing over 500,000 people had registered for the virtual event. Rick Treitman, Entrepreneur in Residence, Adobe,…
Media Contact: Kelly Wakefield 970-449-6870 [email protected] Readability Matters & Adobe Collaborate with Experts on New Approach to Reading Research shows small changes to document formatting can yield big results to improve readability for all LOS ANGELES Oct. 20, 2020 – With the recent increase in virtual learning, further adoption of remote work, and…
“Democratizing Digital Literacy: Adobe unveils readability research partnerships at MAX” Today at the Adobe Max 2020 virtual conference, Mala Sharma, Adobe Vice President and General Manager, announced Adobe’s commitment to democratizing digital literacy through new partnerships in their commitment to improving reading experiences for all. “Together with Readability Matters, University of Central Florida, and…
Readability Matters Expands Commitment to Improving Reading Outcomes Announces K-8 Readability Study October 16, 2020 – Readability Matters announces funding for a remote learning Readability study of 450 K-8th grade students. Dr. Shannon Sheppard of Chapman University will lead the research, with collaboration from Dr. Susanne Nobles of ReadWorks.org and Dr. Sofie Beier of…
A Discussion of the First Use of the Virtual Readability Lab with College Students Readability Matters recently virtually sat down with Dr. Shelley Rodrigo, Senior Director of the Writing Program and Associate Professor in Rhetoric, Composition at The University of Arizona. Dr. Rodrigo was the first university professor to pilot the use of the…
The New Readability Sandbox Software developers often create a test environment, called a sandbox, with elements for the intended users to try before the code is built, tested, and deployed. Research has demonstrated that small changes to text formats can improve reading speed, accuracy, and comprehension. The Readability Matters sandbox was designed to demonstrate the…
Learn More About Readability Panel Experts from Adobe, the University of Central Flordia, and the University of Arizona Discuss Research (an online-only event, free for everyone) Adobe officially announced that its largest annual conference, Adobe MAX, would be moving online. The company promises to make Digital MAX 2020 “one of the most immersive, imaginative, and innovative digital events…
Research Highlight Chiron A.T. Oderkerk and Sofie Beier of the Centre for Visibility Design at The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen, Denmark, presented a poster at the June 2020 virtual Vision Sciences Society conference. The study “Fonts of Wider Letter Shapes Improve Recognition in Peripheral Vision,” investigated the effect of font width…
“Adobe unveils ambitious multi-year vision for PDF: Introduces Liquid Mode” Today Ashley Still, Senior Vice President & General Manager, Digital Media at Adobe, announced Liquid Mode and new Readability Features in Adobe Reader. Given the frustrations of reading documents on mobile devices, Adobe has made these new features available first in the free Adobe…
United Nations Focuses on Improving Learning Outcomes to Benefit Business and Society This week the United Nations marked the 75th anniversary of the signing of the U.N. charter. Leaders gathered virtually to address challenges and issues facing our global community. The UN site notes, “The UN is marking its 75th anniversary at a time…
Forbes reports Low Literacy Levels Among U.S. Adults Could Be Costing The Economy $2.2 Trillion A Year The Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy engaged Gallup to estimate the cost of adult literacy to the US economy. Gallup estimates that low levels of adult literacy could be costing the U.S. as much $2.2 trillion…
Variable Fonts Deliver New Possibilities for Enhanced Readability Readability Begins with Typography While not widely recognized beyond the research community, typography design is a foundational element of reading performance. Research demonstrates that readers respond differently to changes in character shape and spacing. These typographical features are fixed in the static fonts we use today,…
Hacks to Improve Readability The term “hack” entered general English language usage with a new sense of “solution” or “work-around,” as in the phrase “life hack.” A Readability Hack is a work-around that provides an improved reading experience today, in advance of a full set of Readability Features being implemented in a reading app.…
KPMG Community Impact Grant Awarded to Readability Matters Honoring and celebrating a spirit of giving, KPMG Community Impact and the KPMG U.S. Foundation, Inc. teamed up to launch a new Community Impact Grants program. KPMG employees were encouraged to nominate nonprofit organizations for grant consideration. The company received over 1,400 submissions for Community Impact Grants…
Readability Matters at the Adobe Education Leader’s Summit Marjorie Jordan, Readability Matters Founder, joined partners Rick Treitman of Adobe, Ben D. Sawyer of the University of Central Florida, and Shelley Rodrigo of the University of Arizona to present their collective readability work at the virtual Adobe Education Leader’s Summit. The Adobe Education team and…
An Instructor Guide Engaging and Motivating College Student Readers through Customizable Reading Text Interface Jenae Cohn, Ph.D., Kathy Crowley, and Marjorie Jordan In higher education today, students access materials for learning in a variety of formats, from print textbooks to e-books, and PDFs. Given the importance of digital environments for delivering core college course…
Increase Readability, Reduce Cognitive Load Freeing Working Memory for Processing Meaning Meaghan Crowley-Sullivan, M.Ed., M.A. How does Readability Affect Cognitive Load, Fluency, and Comprehension? Research studies have shown a direct connection between reading fluency and comprehension. Individuals who process and recognize words quickly can determine the meaning and engage in critical thinking skills faster…
Take our 5-Minute Tests at the Virtual Readability Lab The Virtual Readability Lab, an online tool provided by Adobe, the University of Central Florida, and Readability Matters, allows adults to participate in 5-minute reading tests. These tests determine the font or character spacing that help readers read faster or enjoy reading more. The testing…
Can we Accelerate Adult Reading? At the June 2020 virtual Vision Science Society conference, Shaun Wallace presented the results of a collaboration between Brown University, Adobe, and the University of Central Florida. The team studied the impact of fonts on reading effectiveness with the goal of investigating individuation compared to the universality of fonts…
Adjust Readability Features to Improve Your Reading Outcomes Many different audio signals can be adjusted for a better sound experience. In the same way, visual components of digital text format can be adjusted to create a better reading experience. Technology offers new opportunities for you as an individual to Tune Your Text. Adjust readability…
HundrED.org HundrED.org is a not-for-profit organization, which seeks and shares inspiring innovations in K12 education Their goal is to help improve education and inspire a movement by encouraging pedagogically sound, ambitious innovations to spread across the world. HundrED researches innovations in K12 education from around the world. All of their insights and innovations are…
Can Digital Reading Improve the Academic Experience? Get a cup of your favorite tea and join Tea for Teaching podcast hosts John Kane and Rebecca Mushtare as they discuss reading in a digital environment with Dr. Jenae Cohn of Stanford University. The episode, Pedagogies of Care: Digital Reading, previews Dr. Cohn’s new book, Skim,…
Shanahan on Literacy In his always interesting blog, Shanahan on Literacy, Dr. Timothy Shanhan discusses the use of Correct Words Per Minute measures of student reading. He makes clear the relationships between reading fluency, decoding, and comprehension. This succinct article also covers linkages to eye-voice span and proper expression or prosody. He notes, “The…
April 28, 2020 — Fast Company has announced the winners of its World Changing Ideas Awards, which honor businesses, policies, projects, and concepts that offer innovative solutions to the issues facing humanity. Readability Matters is honored to be selected as a finalist in the Experimental category, which includes ventures that “have the potential to change…
Organizations Driving to Change the World Every year, Fast Company’s World Changing Ideas Awards honor the businesses and organizations driving change in the world. This year, as the escalating crises of the coronavirus and economic collapse continue, the bold ideas they feature here seem more vital than ever. Read the full article here. Readability…
Reading Comprehension is a Critical in Today’s Information-Based Society UC Irvine Study Seeks to Improve Student Outcomes In a 2018 Computers & Education paper, Connor, et al. studied the potential impact of technology on learning opportunities provided in the classroom. The study was funded by the Institute of Education Sciences, a part of the…
Remote Work The coronavirus pandemic has changed how millions around the globe work, are educated, and stay connected. While the toll on human life and economies continues to rise, it is clear that the world will not return to the way it was before COVID-19 arrived; new business models have emerged. As the economy…
New Readability Study Finds Personalizing Text Formats Improve Reading Outcomes Published in the proceedings of the Computer Human Interaction (CHI) Conference 2020, was this study of font as a factor in accelerating adult reading. The 63 participants were aged 18-55; they were 12 university students and 51 from digital testing platforms. Those with low…
ReadWorks’ High-Quality Content in Readability Research Readability Matters is excited to announce that we have teamed up with the nonprofit ReadWorks to enhance testing materials used in research with K-12 students. ReadWorks uses cognitive science research to create world-class content. They currently serve over 16 million students and are growing rapidly as learning becomes…
Study Measures the Differences in Glance-Based Legibility of Eight Sans-Serif Typefaces In a paper published in Ergonomics, the International Journal of Research and Practice in Human Factors and Ergonomics, Sawyer, Dobres, Chahine and Reimer compared differences in glance-based legibility of eight sans-serif typefaces. Their research demonstrates that differences measured in milliseconds are significant in…
The global pandemic has changed how students are educated. Worldwide, 9 out of 10 children, or 1.57 billion learners, are out of school (UNESCO, April 2020). Education looks different with students now at home being educated by their parents and by teachers remotely. To tackle this challenge, organizations across sectors are working together with new…
World Education Readability Features & Technology for Better Reading (Part II) This is the second post in a two-part series on the readability of digital texts and literacy. The first post defines readability and why it matters. The second post describes reading speed gains by tuning typeface alone, as well as opportunities to get…
World Education Readability Features & Technology for Better Reading (Part I) The team at Readability Matters partnered with World Education to publish an article on the importance of better readability for their audience of educators serving adult learners. This is the first article in a two-part series on the readability of digital texts and…
Research-Driven edTech Solutions Readability Matters is committed to a research-driven approach to delivering personalized reading environments empowering everyone everywhere to achieve more. In their work to accelerate innovation in education, Digital Promise shares our commitment to research-driven work. They note that “Researchers can inform product design and teaching strategy and evolve new research methodologies…
Add or Subtract Character Spacing Background: Tune Your Text to Improve Readability To improve reading performance, individuals need the ability to “Tune their Text” or change how words appear on the screen using a full set of “Readability Features.” These include character shape (base font determines character shape and also weight; additional features can…
University Student Survey of Reading Format Preference Readability Matters invited a professor at a top 75 US University to conduct a quick survey of reading format preference. Thirty-seven students aged 18-21 elected to participate. They were invited to play in the Readability Matters’ Sandbox and to design a format they would like to use…
Readability Researches Study the Impact of Fonts to Improve Reading Outcomes In a newly published paper, researchers from Brown University, Adobe Inc., University of Central Florida, and Riverdale Country School studied the impact of font change on 386 skilled readers, ages 18-71. Readers were evaluated with subsets of sixteen fonts. The results demonstrate that…
Come Play in our Sandbox! Today, Readability Matters added a sandbox to the website. Software developers often create a test environment, called a sandbox, with elements for the intended users to try before the code is built, tested and deployed. Our sandbox allows readers to Tune Their Text, to experience controlling the text format…
“Not all readers are leaders, but all leaders are readers. I love reading both because it’s enjoyable and it plays a critical role in helping me become a better leader.” Harry S. Truman Great Leaders are Readers Most leaders read four to five books a month. Leaders from the c-suite, the board…
“Fluency is defined as the ability to read with speed, accuracy, and proper expression. In order to understand what they read, readers must be able to read fluently whether they are reading aloud or silently. When reading aloud, fluent readers read in phrases and add intonation appropriately.” Reading Rockets Fluency: The Canary in the…
Adobe Education Leaders Summit Marjorie Jordan, Founder, represented Readability Matters at the 2019 Adobe Education Leaders Summit held this summer in San Francisco. She presented the benefits to education of using Tuned Text in a general session and hosted product fair and feedback sessions. Adobe Education Leaders are an invited set of impressive educators…
Readability Changes Impact Reading Performance Readability Matters advocates for the provision of a full set of Readability Features (including font choice, size, character spacing, character expansion, and line spacing.) Previous Readability Matters research has demonstrated significant numbers of readers benefit from the simple change to a clean round font, such as AvantGarde. Font matters…
Implementing Personalized Reading Readability Features required to tune text are a critical offering. However, they are only a piece of a much larger ecosystem required to support individual reading formats. Readability Matters envisions a multi-step path toward enabling personalized reading formats for all readers. First, Optimize Readability for the Individual Readability Matters challenges tech…
Readability Matters White Paper: Advancing the Reading Ecosystem Toward a Future of Personalized Reading Kathy Crowley and Marjorie Jordan May 7, 2019 Advancing the Reading Ecosystem Toward a Future of Personalized Reading: Human Factors Research + IT Systems Promise Value for Education, Business and Individuals SUMMARY It is well proven that small changes…
Think about the person that uses prescription eyeglasses… As they put them on, their speed of accurate reading immediately increases. Some people question whether or not text format changes (such as size, shape, and spacing) can significantly impact readability. A reader with the perfect pair of glasses offers an analogy. For readers who need…
Readability Matters White Paper: Maximizing Individual Reading Performance with Tuned Text Kathy Crowley and Marjorie Jordan July 17, 2019 Many researchers have demonstrated the value of changing text format to increase reading speed and accuracy for an individual. THE PROBLEM Unfortunately, the issue with adopting more readable text as an approach for education or even…
Better Readability Improves Fluency and Comprehension Orthographic Processing Becoming a strong reader requires both the capacity to utilize sound-based decoding strategies and the ability to recognize familiar words accurately. Orthographic processing includes the ability to identify familiar letter patterns as words. Good readers rely less heavily on sound-based decoding strategies and more on orthographic…
Readability Creates Better Reading Experiences To explore the difference between legibility and readability of reading material, it is important to understand that legibility is a component of readability. Legibility is an informal measure of how easy it is to distinguish one letter from another in a particular typeface. Readability is about the…
Planning for Reader Impact The tech-for-good nonprofit Readability Matters’ ultimate goals are to deliver increased engagement and success for student learners and efficiency and productivity for knowledge workers. Theory of Change is a planning tool that is used in the nonprofit sector to promote social change. A Theory of Change document sets long-term goals…
Optimizing Reading Performance by Manipulating the Shape, Size, and Spacing of Text to Match the Individual’s Visual Processing Capacity Bonnie Shaver-Troup, Kathy Crowley, Marjorie Jordan Published by the Collective Impact Project, revReading, September 2017 The ability to read quickly and efficiently is essential in the digital world with the exponential proliferation of information. Yet,…
